Association of intestinal helminthic infection and nutritional status of primary school children in Gombe State, Nigeria

Background: Intestinal helminthic infections are among the commonest infections worldwide. It often affects the poorest communities and has similar geographic distribution with malnutrition. Intestinal helminthic infection contributes to undernutrition through subtle reduction in digestion and absorption of food, chronic inflammation and loss of nutrients. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminthic infection and its relationship with nutritional status of primary school children in Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study of 350 pupils selected through multistage random sampling technique from 24 primary schools in Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria from July 2018 to January 2019. Demographic information including age, gender, height, and weight were collected from each participant with a designed collection form. The data were analysed using SPSS version 24.0, and presented as frequency distribution and mean ± SD. The Chisquare test (with Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) was used to test for association between prevalence of helminthiasis and factors such as gender, age group and school type. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Results: The prevalence of intestinal helminthic infection was 23.7% (83/350). Eighty (96.4%) of the 83 infected pupils were in public schools while only 3 (3.6%) were in private schools (p<0.001). The prevalence of helminthiasis was significantly higher in underweight pupils (34%, OR=2.113, p=0.0065)) and significantly lower (5.4%, OR=0.1637, p=0.0037) in overweight pupils while the prevalence was not significantly associated with normal weight (p=0.5482) or obesity (p=1.000). Conclusions: Intestinal helminthic infection is a public health problem in children with adverse significant relationship with nutritional status. Provision of toilet facilities in schools and periodic de-worming of pupils aimed at reducing loss of nutrients from intestinal helminthiasis are recommended.

Towards interventions on school dropouts for disabled learners amidst and post-COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Despite objective arguments for inclusive education, there is a dearth of mechanisms to reduce dropouts amongst disabled learners in the extant literature. Thus, this article is one of the outputs of a study, which was conducted after a consistent observation of dwindling numbers of disabled learners who succeed in basic education in South Africa. Of late, the dropout rate increased because of adherence to lock down regulations amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This triggered the need for research on co-creating interventions to mitigate the rate of dropouts amongst disabled learners. Objective: The article explores underlying obstacles that induce school dropouts for disabled learners amidst and post-COVID-19 and postulates interventions accordingly. Methods: Descriptive-narrative research upheld reality as emerging from empirical experiences of parents and guardians of disabled children, heads of primary and secondary schools, social workers, the Department of Social Development and Basic Education, and provincial associations for disabled persons that focus on children. Lived experience-based opinions were obtained from provinces with different economic growth, namely, Limpopo and Gauteng. Forty-one in-depth one-on-one interviews and two focus group discussions used Google Meet. The collected data were analysed using Creswell's qualitative data analysis framework (steps) and Atlas.ti.8. Results: The findings show a consistent pattern that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the parents and guardians' fear of exposing and risking their learners to the health crisis. Based on the parents and guardians' narrative, mainstream school administrations discriminate and are unwilling to enrol disabled learners. Furthermore, the narrative from the school leadership shows that teachers use exclusive teaching and learning methods for the enrolled disabled learners because of ignorance, misconception, misunderstanding, misinterpretation of disability, disability inclusion, and reasonable accommodation. Conclusion: Based on the finding, it is clear that dropouts amongst disabled learners can be alleviated by using a systematic multi-stakeholder local community-based intervention approach. This, therefore, implies that government authorities and agencies should incorporate disability into mainstream policies that guide planning, budgeting, staffing, and mobilisation of other resources. This would ideally enhance the provision of learning opportunities to disabled learners whilst supporting their diverse educational needs without dichotomies set by 'ability and disability', or normal and abnormal. In this manner, inclusive education can contribute to the educational success of disabled learners through developing sustainability and resilience amongst disabled learners.

Investigation on the current situation of myopia among pupils in Baotou and analysis of related factors / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate the current situation of myopia among pupils in Baotou and analyze the factors related to myopia, so as to provide data support and theoretical basis for myopia prevention and control in education and health departments.<p>METHODS: A random cluster sampling method was adopted to investigate the vision situation of students aged 7-14 in 26 primary schools in the urban and pastoral areas of Baotou from January to November 2019, 2000 questionnaires on myopia-related factors were distributed, and 1630 valid questionnaires were finally formed, and a myopia database was established for statistical analysis. <p>RESULTS: There were 14 845 myopia among the 31 080 students surveyed, and the myopia rate was 47.8%(14845/31080). Among them, the myopia rate of boys was 44.3%(6912/15609), and that of girls was 51.3%(7933/15471). The myopia rate in urban areas was 50.4%(9310/18489)and in pastoral were as was 44.0%(5535/12591). The myopia rate of Han nationality was 48.0%(13185/27442), and of Mongolian nationality was 44.6%(1149/2576), the other ethnic groups was 48.1%(511/1062)(<i>P</i><0.05). The prevalence of myopia of 11, 12, 13,and 14-year-old urban pupils were: 51.9%(1333/2568), 62.8%(1671/2662), 72.0%(3415/4740), 45.4%(704/1551),and the pastoral areas of the same age group were 46.5%(938/2019), 58.0%(1089/1877), 68.3%(1557/2279), 36.2%(338/934). The myopia rate of urban pupils in 11-14 age group was higher than that in pastoral areas(<i>P</i><0.05). Among them, doing eye exercises and eating fruits and vegetables were protective factors. Area, grade, tummy reading, reading and writing under low light, or using electronic products, parents' myopia, and father's education were risk factors for myopia. <p>CONCLUSION: The prevalence of myopia in Baotou primary school students is at a relatively high level. With the increase of age, the prevalence of myopia increases. Many factors are related to myopia in primary school students. Parents and education departments should carry out relevant interventions.

Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Prevalence and Intensity of Some Soil Transmitted Nematodes among Pupils in Selected Primary Schools in Penka-Michel Sub-division, West-Cameroon

Background: Soil transmitted helminth infections are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) affecting mostly pupils in developing countries. They seem to lose more and more interest due to the fact that resources and research are being justifiably diverted to more recent priorities such as HIV/AIDS, cancers, tuberculosis and malaria. As a result, specific data on STH infections is often lacking. Aims:To evaluate the prevalence and intensities of STH parasites among pupils in Penka-Michel Sub-division, West-Cameroon in order to refresh information for a better management of these parasitic diseases.Original Research Article Settings and Design:A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted from October to December 2018 in Penka-Michel Sub-division.Methods and Materials:To evaluate the prevalence and intensities of STH parasites among pupils, seven hundred and twenty nine (729) stool samples were collected from pupilsaged 4 to 14 years old in 23 randomly selected primary schools.The samples were analysed using the concentration method of Willis and the Mc Master technic.Results:Out of 729 pupils enrolled, 107(14.7%) were infected with one or more STH parasite species. The nematodes species identified were Ascaris lumbricoides(9.9%), Trichuris trichiura(5.3%) and hookworms (2.2%). Pupils aged from 8 to 11 years were the most infected (17.3%). Statistically females were more infected with hookworms (2.2%). These parasites occurred as monospecific (84.11%), bi-specific (13.0%) and tri-specific (2.80%) infections. The mean fecal eggs count was 3652.78±8715.93, 266.67±273.81 and 118.75±72.74 for A. lumbricoides,T. trichiuraand hookwormrespectively.According to faecal concentration of eggs, 88.18% of infections were light.Conclusion:These results show the necessity of sustainable application of regular deworming, health education and improvements in sanitation among pupils in Penka-Michel Sub-division

Prevalence And Predicting Risk Factors Of Overweight And Obesity Among Primary School Pupils In Ramadi, Iraq

@#Childhood obesity is increasing at a dramatic rate that it can be considered a pandemic. The aim of this study is to address the prevalence of obesity among primary pupils in Ramadi City and to determine different risk factors associated with obesity among these children. A cross-sectional study was carried out and random selections of three primary schools were taken at the center of Ramadi City. A total of 512 pupils were included in this study (232 male and 280 female) to include all eligible children age 6 to 12 years. The study period was during the study year 2018-2019. Anthropometric measurements of height and body weight were carried out using standardized methods.The prevalence of overweight was 15.4% (85-97th percentile) and obese (=≥ 97th percentile) was 13.3%. The Mean BMI percentile of pupils was 17.8±3.9, range (11.3-37.5). Risk factors highly associated with overweight and obesity (P>0.05) were gender, increased age, mother education, taking breakfast and fruits, sitting in front of the TV. While daily vegetable intake and type of feeding at first 6 months after delivery were not found to be significantly associated with overweight and obesity in our study.The prevalence of overweight and obesity primary school children in this study are at an alarming level and the disease trends are growing in this country. Preventive pupils' health action is required for this age group.

Efficacy of the Canabrava Ring (pupil expansion device) in cataract surgery for eyes with small pupils: the first 30 cases / Eficácia do dispositivo de expansão pupilar Anel de Canabrava em cirurgia de catarata com pupilas pequenas: 30 primeiros casos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of the first 30 cataract surgeries performed with a new disposable, injector-free, small-pupil expansion device. Methods: This consecutive case series included 30 eyes from 29 patients who underwent cataract surgery using a new disposable small-pupil expansion device called the Canabrava Ring (AJL Ophthalmic S.A, Spain). It is the first iris expansion ring produced with indents that do not align with each other in the superior and inferior regions, resulting in a small vertical length (0.4 mm) that minimizes the risk of endothelial contact. All eyes had poorly dilated pupils of less than 5 mm preoperatively. Fifteen eyes had significant infective or traumatic pathologies preoperatively. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were evaluated preoperatively, intraoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively. Results: The mean patient age was 64 ± 11.8 (standard deviation) years. The Canabrava Ring remained engaged throughout all surgeries, except one. All pupils were intraoperatively expanded to a diameter of 6.3 mm. Although preexisting pathology on the innervation of the pupils, the mean pupil diameter returns to a close preoperative size after 1 month surgery. The mean pupil diameters postoperatively and preoperatively were 4.41 and 3.77 mm, respectively (p<0.05). Postoperative complications occurred in eight eyes (one toxoplasmosis reactivation, one retinal detachment, one posterior capsule rupture, one posterior capsule opacification, and four posterior synechiae). These complications occurred in eyes with preexisting traumatic or infective pathologies or synechiae. Conclusion: The Canabrava Ring is effective for expanding and maintaining expansion of small pupils in cataract surgery. The increase in postoperative pupil diameter is clinically diminutive and can most likely be attributed to preexisting pathologies affecting pupil innervation. Further large-scale studies are required to support the present findings.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a estabilidade intraoperatória, segurança e eficácia dos 30 primeiros casos operados com um novo anel expansor de pupilas. Métodos: Série de casos de 30 olhos de 29 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de catarata com Anel de Canabrava (AJL Oftalmic, SPAIN). Trata-se do primeiro anel expansor de íris produzido com indentações não alinhadas entre as regiões superiores e inferiores. Devido a isso, apresenta altura vertical de 0,4 mm, diminuindo os riscos de toque endotelial. O diâmetro pupilar dos pacientes era menor que 5 mm. Os diâmetros verticais e horizontais foram avaliados antes, durante e um mês após a cirurgia. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 64 ± 11,8 (desvio padrão) anos. O anel permaneceu estável em todas as cirurgias, exceto uma. Todas as pupilas foram expandidas no intraoperatório para um diâmetro de 6,3 mm. Apesar de patologias pupilares pré-existentes, o diâmetro médio da pupila retornou a um tamanho próximo após 1 mês de cirurgia. Os tamanhos médios da pupila no pós-operatório e pré-operatório foram medidos em 4,41 e 3,77 mm, respectivamente (p<0,05). As complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 8 olhos: 1 reativação de toxoplasmose, 1 descolamento de retina, 1 ruptura de cápsula posterior, 1 opacificação da cápsula posterior, 4 sinéquias posteriores. Essas complicações ocorreram nos olhos com patologias traumáticas, infecciosas ou sinéquias pré-existentes. Conclusão: O Anel de Canabrava parece efetivo na expansão e manutenção de pupilas pequenas submetidas à cirurgia de catarata. O aumento do diâmetro da pupila pós-operatória é clinicamente pouco relevante e provavelmente pode ser atribuído à patologias pré-existentes que afetam as inervações pupilares. Outros estudos em larga escala são necessários para suportar os achados do estudo.

Prevalence and influencing factors of myopia among primary school students in Haidian, Beijing / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To study the myopia and influencing factors among primary school students in Haidian, Beijing. <p>METHODS: A total of 801 primary school pupils from grade one to grade three of Beijing were selected according to the cluster stratified sampling method, and 801 questionnaires were collected from the scene, which accorded with 757 people aged 7-10 years old, and 757 valid questionnaires, the prevalence rate of this study was 24.4%. The baseline data of all the subjects were collected through questionnaires. The data of myopia were compared. The Logistic regression equation was used to calculate the factors causing myopia. <p>RESULTS: The main factors leading to myopia in primary school were reading time, electronic product use time, parents' myopia, outdoor activity time, and reading and writing postures. The above difference data was brought into the Logistic regression equation to confirm. <p>CONCLUSION: The myopia rate of primary school students in Beijing has reached a high level. There are many problems in family, daily life and students themselves. It is necessary to prevent and control the occurrence of myopia and promote the vision health of primary school students.

Intervenciones orientadoras, un desafío por la autonomía de niños con capacidades diferentes / Interventions orientadoras, a challenge for the autonomy childrens with different abilities

RESUMEN Introducción: la Educación Especial en Cuba está fundamentada en la incorporación de sus alumnos a la vida social y laboral activa, y una de sus tareas es lograr su autonomía e independencia en la toma de decisiones. Objetivo: proponer intervenciones orientadoras para el logro de autonomía en niños con capacidades diferentes. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal en la escuela especial "Hermanos Saiz", municipio Quemado de Guines, de enero a marzo de 2016. Universo constituido por 21 trabajadores y 36 estudiantes con su familiar. Se aplicaron como instrumentos registros diagnósticos de profesores guías y encuestas a familiares y trabajadores. La información se procesó con el paquete SPSSS versión 21, fueron utilizadas distribuciones de frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. Resultados: predominó el grupo etario de 10 a 12 años (44,44 por ciento) y el sexo masculino (55,55 por ciento). Prevalecieron los trastornos en el aprendizaje y la discapacidad intelectual en los escolares (100,00 y 86,11 por ciento respectivamente). La inexistencia de espacios de reflexión, de momentos para la toma de decisiones, de espacios donde se estimule el protagonismo de los alumnos, capacitaciones recibidas por los familiares y las relaciones entre directivos y familiares, y el estrés fueron factores que impedían una adecuada trayectoria educativa de los alumnos y su futura inserción en la sociedad. Conclusiones: se propusieron intervenciones orientadoras que contribuyen a fomentar el trabajo colegiado entre familia, escuela y alumnos con capacidades diferentes hacia el logro de su autonomía e independencia(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Special education in Cuba is based on student involvement into an active social and working life, and one of its tasks is to achieve student autonomy and independence in decision making. Objective: To propose interventions aimed at achieving autonomy in children with dissimilar capabilities. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study performed at Hermanos Saíz Special School in Quemado de Güines Municipality from January to March 2016. The universe was made up of 21 workers and 36 students with their one relative. The tools used were the diagnostic inquires to the main teachers and surveys conducted on relatives and workers. The information was processed with the package SPSSS version 21: We used percentages and absolute frequency distributions. Results: The age group 10-12 predominated (44.44 percent) and the male sex (55.55 percent). There was a prevalence of learning disorders and intellectual disability in schoolchildren (100.00 percent and 86.11 percent, respectively). The lack of spaces for reflection, moments for decision-making, the spaces where student protagonism is stimulated, together with capacity building received by the family and the relations between managers and the family, and stress were factors that prevented a proper educational achievement of the students and their future involvement into in the society. Conclusions: Counseling interventions were proposed that contribute to foster collegiate work between the family, the school and the students with dissimilar capabilities towards the achievement of their autonomy and independence(AU)

Relationship between amount of literacy and behavior problems in primary pupils / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To know the amount of literacy and scores of behavior problems of the grade 2-5 pupils in the primary school,and explore the correlation between them.Methods:A total of 673 pupils from grade 2 to 5 in primary school of Nanhai distric,Foshan City were enrolled.Their amount of literacy was assessed with the Primary School Literacy Assessment Scale,and their teachers were assessed with the Conners Teacher Rating Scale.Results:The amount of literacy in different grades,genders and parents' education levels were significantly different among the primary school students (P ＜0.05),girls's scores were higher than boys's [(2312 ±719) vs.(2184 ±734),P ＜ 0.05],students whose parents of high education level were higher than those of low education level (P ＜ 0.05).Scores of hyperactivity,inattentive-passive behaviors and conduct problems in different grades and genders were significantly different.Scores of Grade 2 pupils were higher than others,and boys's scores were higher than girls' s (P ＜ 0.05).Three factors of CTRS,including conduct problems (r =-0.31),hyperactivity (r =-0.43) and inattentive-passive behaviors (r =-0.36) and hyperactivity index(r =-0.38) had significantly negative correlation with the amount of literacy (P ＜ 0.001).Regression analysis showed that hyperactivity (β =-22.27,P ＜ 0.01) and conduct problems (β =-17.69,P ＜ 0.01) could significantly explain the amount of literacy (R2 =0.81).Conclusion:It suggests that hyperactivity and conduct problems are moderately associated with the amount of literacy in primary pupils.

Epidemiological analysis of dental caries among pupils in Shenzhen city / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To understand the distribution and treatment of dental caries among primary school students in Shenzhen City, and to provide a basis for prevention and treatment of dental caries of primary school students in Shenzhen City.@*Methods @#Using cluster sampling method, in the 10 districts of Shenzhen city, a total of 74 308 students in 63 primary school, were randomly selected and received examination of dental caries.@*Results@# Prevalence of caries was 15.7%. Decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) was 0.37 ± 0.18. Significant differences in age and gender distribution were found (P < 0.05). There is a correlation between prevalence of permanent teeth caries and age (P < 0.05). Rate of pit and fissure sealant, filling in permanent teeth were 31.17%, 19.05%. Controlling age and gender factors, significant differences between genders were found in rate of pit and fissure sealant, filling in permanent teeth (P < 0.05).@*Conclusion@# Prevention of dental caries for pupils in Shenzhen city needs to be strengthened.

Conocimientos sobre maltrato infantil en madres de escolares / Child mistreatment knowledge in pupils' mothers

Introducción: el maltrato infantil es un hecho relevante para todos los sistemas de salud en el mundo, por las secuelas y el impacto emocional que ocasiona. Cuba no está exenta de esta realidad, por lo que es un tema de gran importancia. Objetivos: caracterizar el nivel de conocimiento que tienen las madres de escolares del consultorio médico de familia 13 del área de salud Aguada de Pasajeros acerca del maltrato infantil. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal durante el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2014. El universo estuvo constituido por los 110 madres de escolares del referido consultorio médico de familia. Se analizaron variables como: edad, escolaridad, ocupación, nivel de conocimientos sobre maltrato infantil y creencias que prevalecen. Se utilizó el SPSS. Los resultados se expresaron en tablas. Resultados: de forma general las madres tenían un nivel bajo y medio de conocimientos sobre el maltrato infantil, independientemente de las variables sociodemográficas (edad, escolaridad y ocupación). Todas reconocen al maltrato físico, pero solo algunas aceptan que el abuso sexual, la negligencia y el maltrato psicológico son formas de violencia hacia los niños. Prevalecen en ellas múltiples creencias. Conclusiones: las madres tienen un nivel bajo y medio de conocimientos sobre el maltrato a los niños sin asociación significativa con las variables. En casi la totalidad de ellas prevalecen creencias que obstaculizan la prevención, detección y seguimiento de los casos de maltrato a los niños(AU)

Introduction: Child mistreatment is a fact relevant for all the health systems worldwide, due to the aftermath and the caused emotional impact. Cuba is not free from this reality, a reason why this is an important issue. Objectives: To characterize the level of knowledge by the pupils' mothers from the family doctor's office 13 of the health are Aguada de Pasajeros about child mistreatment. Methods: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study from January to December 2014. The target group was made up of 110 pupils' mothers from the aforementioned family doctor's office. Some variables were analyzed, such as age, school level, job, level of knowledge about child mistreatment and prevailing beliefs. SPSS was used. The results were expressed in charts. Results: Generally speaking, the mothers possessed low or average level of knowledge about child mistreat, regardless of the social-demographical variables (age, school level and job). All of them recognized physical mistreatment, but only some accept that sexual abuse, neglect and psychological mistreatment are forms of violence against childfree. Multiple beliefs prevail in them. Conclusions: Mothers possess a low and average level of knowledge about child mistreatment, without significant variable association. In almost all of them there are prevailing beliefs that hinders prevention, detection and following of child mistreatment cases(AU)

Contrastive study on mental health status between left-behind children and un-left-behind children in Yongchuan district of Chongqing city / 重庆医学

Objective To understand the mental health status between left‐behind children and un‐left‐behind children during primary school period in Yongchuan district of Chongqing city ,and to provide the theoretical basis for the study of the left‐behind children children′s mental problems and formulating the strategy and measures for preventing their psychological problems .Methods The Mental Health Rate Scale for Pupil (M HRSP) was used to evaluate the mental health condition in 4 987 primary school pu‐pils from 4 primary schools in Yongcuan discrict ,including 3 482 un‐left‐behind children(69 .82% ) and 1 505 left‐behind children (30 .18% ) .Results Totally 4 753 effective questionnaires were taken back with the effective rate of 95 .31% .The detection rate of total score deviation in left‐behind children was 13 .98% ,which was significantly higher than in un‐left‐behind children(6 .33% ) . The deviation detection rate of learning disabilities in left‐behind children was 14 .90% ,emotional disorder was 16 .81% ,character flaw was 12 .36% ,social adjustment disorder was 13 .91% ,moral defect was 14 .27% ,bad habits was 15 .61% ,behavior disorder rate was 16 .53% and the special obstacles was 11 .72% .Compared with un‐left‐behind children ,excluding the character flaw ,social adjustment and moral defect ,the deviation detection rate and scores of other 5 items in left‐behind children were higher than those in un‐left‐behind children .The scores of learning disabilities ,emotional disorder and bad habits in male pupils were higher than those in female pupils with statistical difference(P< 0 .05) .The scores of learning disabilities ,emotional disorder ,character flaw and behavior disorder in the high grade pupils were higher than those in the low grade pupils ,the differences were statistically sig‐nificant(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The mental health level of rural left‐behind children in Yongchuan district is low ,the problems are more serious compared with un‐left‐behind children .In carrying out the mental health education work in primary school pupils ,es‐pecially the mental health education should be paid attention to rural left‐behind children ,moreover the mental health education should be carried out aiming at different ages and different genders .

A study on effect of pre-operative topical prednisolone acetate, nepafenac and placebo, on intraoperative mydriasis and its sustenance during cataract surgery: a randomized trial.

Background: The objective of the current study was to study the effects of preoperative use of topical anti-inflammatory prednisolone acetate, nepafenac and placebo, on the sustenance of intraoperative mydriasis during cataract surgery. Methods: This study comprised of 60 patients scheduled for cataract surgery. Patients (20 in each group) were randomized to receive placebo, prednisolone acetate, and nepafenac. These eye drops were given 3 times daily for the 2 days prior to surgery. The pupillary diameters were measured by the surgeon using Casterveijo’s Caliper before the corneal section and at the end of surgery. The primary result was the number of patients with pupil ≥6 mm at the end of the surgery; the secondary result was the number of patients with pupil ≥6 mm at the beginning of the surgery. It was a single-center, masked, randomized clinical study. Results: All the patients achieved pupil ≥6 mm at the beginning of the surgery. The number of patients in the prednisolone (16/20) and nepafenac (17/20) groups with pupil ≥6 mm was greater than in the placebo group in the maintenance of intraoperative mydriasis (7/20 – p=0.003). There was no statistically significant difference among the prednisolone and nepafenac groups in the maintenance of intraoperative mydriasis (p=0.791). There were no complications during surgery or related to the pre-operative use of the eye drops. Conclusion: Pre-operative use of prednisolone acetate and nepafenac was effective in maintaining the intraoperative mydriasis when compared with placebo.

Active Case Detection and Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis and Malaria in Pupils of Kotto Barombi, Southwest Cameroon Using the CyScope® Fluorescence Microscope.

Aim: This study was aimed at assessing the use of the CyScope® fluorescence microscope to determine the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis (US) and malaria in Kotto Barombi. Experimental Design: The study was a cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Kotto Barombi, Cameroon from April to May, 2013. Methodology: Urine and blood samples were collected from 216 pupils. US eggs were detected in urine by centrifugation and CyScope® methods for schistosome eggs. Malaria parasites were detected using Giemsa-stained blood films and CyScope® methods. The performance characteristics of the CyScope® for both infections were determined using light microscopy as gold standard. Results: Overall prevalence of US was 43.4% and 48.5% by light microscopy and CyScope® respectively. Prevalence of US was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the Kotto Barombi Island (78.3%) than Mainland (33.8%). US prevalence was not affected by age, sex and socio-economic class (SEC). Mean intensity of US was 8.1 eggs/10 ml urine (Confidence interval, CI = 4.3–11.9). It was significantly higher (P =.01) in pupils from Island (36.5 eggs/10 ml, CI: 17.7–55.3) than Mainland (8.8 eggs/10 ml; 7.1–10.5), males (19.2 eggs/10 ml urine; CI: 9.2–29.2) than females (17.8 eggs/10 ml urine; CI: 13.1–22.5) and highest (P = .046) in the ≤6 years age group (36.9 eggs/10 ml; CI: 20.4–53.4) when compared with pupils in other age groups. Sensitivity and specificity of CyScope® for US were 90.6% and 83.8% respectively. Overall prevalence of malaria was 19.0% and 41.2% by light microscopy and CyScope® respectively and the difference was significant (P = .01). Malaria prevalence and density were not influenced by age; sex and SEC. Sensitivity and specificity of CyScope® for malaria were 68.3% and 64.9% respectively. Conclusion: The CyScope® could be a useful tool for active case detection of both diseases especially in areas that lack electricity.

Olanzapine overdose presenting with pinpoint pupils and semi consciousness: a case report

Background: Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic widely prescribed in schizophrenia patients because of its better tolerability. Clinical picture due to olanzapine over dosage can be confusing in the emergency department. Also often the patient would be drowsy to provide adequate information regarding the method of self harm attempt. Case description: We are reporting a case of olanzapine over dosage which presented to the emergency department with pin point pupils, lacrimation, and hypotension and semi conscious state. Discussion: Organophosphorous poison consumption is one of the common methods of suicide in rural south Indian setting which presents with miosis, respiratory depression and unconsciousness. Pontine hemorrhage is one more condition apart from opiod intoxication which presents with pin point pupils and altered mental status. Conclusion: We attributed olanzapine over dosage as the cause of pin point pupils, lacrimation and drowsiness in our case as other causes were excluded.

The security characteristics of rural young boarding pupils and its influencing factors / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the security characteristics of rural young boarding pupils and its influencing factors.Methods 210 boarding and 265 non-boarding rural young pupils of Huojia in Henan were tested by questionnaires,including of a self-developed questionnaire,security questionnaire and adolescent mental resilience scale.Results ①The scores of the interpersonal security (25.99 ± 5.53),the determine control sense factor (24.63 ±6.17) and the total security(50.62 ± 10.37) in the boarding pupils were statistically lower than non-boarding pupils (27.36 ± 6.38,26.00 ± 6.55,53.36 ± 11.77,P ＜0.05).②There were statistically significant difference in the scores of the interpersonal security,the determine control sense factor and the total security among the different grades(P＜0.05),but there were no statistically sex difference in the scores(P ＞ 0.05).③Group regression analysis showed that,no family factors in the young boarding pupils had influence on the score of the security sense factors and the total (P＞0.05),and marital relationship of parents,only child,father' s and mother(')s education background of non-boarding pupils had certain influence on the score of the interpersonal security,the determine control sense factor and the total security (β =-0.43-0.27,P＜ 0.05).④The group regression analysis showed that,the problem solving and self-efficacy,parents'high expectations in mental toughness respectively had some effect on the interpersonal security of boarding and non-boarding pupils(β =-0.15,β =0.25,P＜0.05),and social ability and family care,schools resilience respectively had influence on the determine control sense in boarding and non-boarding pupils (β =-2.91-2.87,P＜0.05),and social ability,parents'high expectations respectively had influence on the total security in boarding and non-boarding pupils (β =-0.17,β=0.22,P＜0.05).Conclusion The security-sense in boarding young pupils are lower than the non-boarding young pupils,and family factors and mental toughness have different effects on security-sense of two kinds pupils.

Status on knowledge, attitudes, behavior regarding nutrition and food safety among 4-6 grade students from Chinas' two poverty-stricken counties / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigating knowledge,attitudes,current behavior among primary school students on nutrition and food safety in two State-level poverty-stricken counties,and to explore the best educational model on nutrition and food safety.Methods 478 pupils at 4-6 grades were selected,using the method of stratified cluster sampling and questionnairs.Results The average score on knowledge was 18.66 ± 3.75,with the qualified rate as 61.09％ (the highest was 60.6％).The average score in the section of attitude was 5.82 ± 1.50.More than 97％ of the students agreed that it was necessary to receive knowledge on nutrition and food safety.The average score of behavior was 8.52 ± 2.56.Conclusion Rate of awareness on knowledge of nutrition and food safety had greatly improved among the students under study.Their habit tended to be more regular.However,we also noticed the gap between knowledge and behavior on this issue.

Status of physical activities among 379 pupils in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Using the objective detection devices to explore the physical activity status in order to provide evidence reated to the physical activity intervention program on child obesity in elementary students.Methods Subjects were elementary students from grades 1-5 of 4 schools in Haidian and Dongcheng districts,Beijing.After measuring their height and weight,an motion sensor was applied to measure physical activities in these 379 pupils.Results Time on moderate to vigorous physical activities (MVPA) among pupils was 74.09 min and the ratio of meeting the recommended time of physical activity was 68.9％.The MVPA time in males (79.46 min) was more than that in females (66.07 min) (P＜0.05),with the ratio of meeting the recommended physical activity time in males (78.0％) also larger than that in females (55.3％) (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between low age group and high age group (P＞0.05),however,there showed significant difference in light physical activity time among the normal group,overweight group and the obese group (P＜0.05).However,there was no significant difference found in MVPA time among the three groups (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion The ratio of meeting the recommend physical activity time was low.MVPA time should be increased to guarantee the athletic effects and to improve the health stutas in the pupils.

Loss versus Gain: Integrating Technology and Message Framing in Promoting Proper Hand Washing Among Grade 1 Pupils

One of the major functions of nurses is to promote health and wellness of individuals both healthy and ill. Promoting proper hand washing is the most basic infection-control measure a nurse can assume to attain this goal. Individuals become more susceptible to diseases without proper practice and sufficient understanding of this skill. It is a challenge for nurses to encourage the people to be compliant in making hand washing a necessary part in the maintenance or improvement of their health. This is especially true for school-aged children, who are constantly exposed to the environment and thus to bacterial and infectious agents, are at a higher risk. Technology has widened the dissemination of knowledge. Audio-Visual Presentations (AVP) has made education and learning more easily facilitated. Education involves giving information to improve knowledge about a certain concept and Message Framing is one method. The study combined the two strategies in promoting hand washing. The objective of this study is to determine which type of message framing through an AVP: positive (shows benefits and gains) or negative (shows risks and losses), is more effective in promoting proper hand washing among Grade 1 pupils. The researchers included 72 grade 1 pupils from a public elementary school to participate in the study through convenience and cluster sampling. The data was gathered through a pre-test and post-test method. In the analysis, the total average scores of the posttest of each group, positive message framing and negative message framing, was used to determine which type of message framing through an AVP is more effective in teaching and promoting proper hand washing. Further, the paired t-test method was used to determine if there is a significant increase in the average scores of all the students from pretest to posttest to see if there is an improvement in the knowledge and beliefs of students regarding proper hand washing. A 17-item Hand Hygiene Questionnaire served as a pretest and posttest to gather data. The findings showed that positive message framing through an AVP is more effective in promoting proper hand washing among Grade 1 pupils. Positive message framing group showed a higher posttest average and indicates better understanding and improved knowledge about proper hand washing.This result of this study will help nurses as well as teachers and other health care professionals in applying a new strategy in promoting health and wellness among their clients.

Results of Study of Mongolian Pupil’s Learning Abilities / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

INTRODUSTION: There have been limited research studies done in Mongolia on health status of children in relation to density of children in school classrooms.GOAL: This study aims to evaluate learning ability of children in Mongolia and develop recommendations for next intervention measures.MATERIALS AN METHODS: A total of 1440 children were surveyed in a cross sectional study that included 6 classes from 6 secondary schools of UB city, Uvurhangai and Dornod aimags. The test of letter drawing created by of V.Ya.Anfi mova was used to evaluate the pupil’s learning skills. This test was performed at the fi rst and last classes in each day of which was tested at the beginning (I quarter or September) and end (IV quarter or May) of the academic year.For each tests we accounted the mean of drawing letter, mean of mistake for 500 letter and standard deviation.RESULTS: The results of pupil’s letter drawing tests were compared by quarter for fi rst and last classes in each day. Pupil’s learning ability of class 4 was enough while other classes were not enough (P index 1) on the fi rst and last tests.CONCLUSION: Pupil’s learning ability has been changed by the same way of physiological adaptation process of child.Pupil’s learning ability had been decreased in last tests of each day and on Friday which was revealed by letter drawing test.Pupil’s learning ability of classes between 4 to 9 were not enough on the fi rst term while 4th class was good enough on the forth term (P index 1).